Zyklisches geschichtsbild machiavelli biography
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Der »starke Mann« und die zahlreichen historischen Persönlichkeiten mit dem Beinamen »der Große« sind Beispiele für die Annahme, dass ein starker Wille die Menschen auf ein Ziel hin ausrichten und damit die Welt (oder zumindest ein Land) gestalten könne.
In other words, Fortuna demands a violent response of those who would control her.
Only in a republic, for which Machiavelli expresses a distinct preference, may this goal be attained.
Machiavelli adopted this position on both pragmatic and principled grounds. The territory of the republic was divided into districts, and Machiavelli himself carried out inspections and oversaw the levies.
Original works
- Discorso sopra le cose di Pisa, 1499
- Del modo di trattare i popoli della Valdichiana ribellati, 1502
- Del modo tenuto dal duca Valentino nell' ammazzare Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, etc., 1502 (Description of the Methods Adopted by the Duke Valentino when Murdering Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Signor Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina Orsini)
- Discorso sopra la provisione del danaro, 1502
- Decennale primo (poem in terza rima), 1506
- Ritratti delle cose dell'Alemagna, 1508–1512
- Decennale secondo, 1509
- Ritratti delle cose di Francia, 1510
- Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, 3 vols., 1512–1517 (Discourses on Livy)
- Il principe, 1513 (The Prince)
- Andria, comedy translated from Terence, 1517
- Mandragola, (prose comedy in five acts, with prologue in verse) (The Mandrake), 1518
- Della lingua (dialog), 1514
- Clizia, comedy in prose, 1525
- Belfagor arcidiavolo (novel), 1515
- Asino d'oro (poem in terza rima, a new version of the The Golden Ass, a classic work by Apuleius), 1517 (The Golden Ass)
- Dell'arte della guerra, 1519–1520 (The Art of War)
- Discorso sopra il riformare lo stato di Firenze, 1520
- Sommario delle cose della citta di Lucca, 1520
- Vita di Castruccio Castracani da Lucca, 1520 (The Life of Castruccio Castracani of Lucca)
- Istorie fiorentine, eight books, 1520–1525 (Florentine Histories, commissioned by Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici who went on to become Pope Clement VII)
- Frammenti storici, 1525
See also
- Political Philosophy
- Republicanism
Notes
- ↑The Literary Works of Machiavelli, trans.
Yet when a more offensive stance was demanded to defeat Hannibal, the Roman Republic was able to turn to the leadership of Scipio, whose personal qualities were more fitted to the times. The preconditions of viverelibero simply do not favor the security that is the aim of constitutional monarchy.
One of the main reasons that security and liberty remain, in the end, incompatible for Machiavelli—and that the latter is to be preferred—may surely be traced to the “rhetorical” character of his republicanism.
The answer lies with another central Machiavellian concept, Fortuna (usually translated as “fortune”). In France, the people are entirely passive and the nobility is largely dependent upon the king, according to Machiavelli’s own observations. Zum Beispiel wäre die Erfindung der Dampfmaschine Folge eines komplexen Prozesses, der letztlich zur Industriellen Revolution führte, nicht deren Auslöser.
Einige Beispiele sollen dies zeigen:
Napoleon Bonaparte wurde etwa als ein Mensch gesehen, der durch seine Ausstrahlung die Menschen in seine Gewalt zwang. Hale (Oxford, 1961), p. Although Machiavelli makes relatively little comment about the French monarchy in The Prince, he devotes a great deal of attention to France in the Discourses.
Why would Machiavelli effusively praise (let alone even analyze) a hereditary monarchy in a work supposedly designed to promote the superiority of republics?
Vorsehung und Gott
Die Vorbestimmtheit wird oft verstärkt oder modifiziert, indem Gott mit ins Spiel gebracht wird: Heilsgeschichte. “The same things happen about Fortuna”, Machiavelli observes,
She shows her power where virtù and wisdom do not prepare to resist her and directs her fury where she knows that no dykes or embankments are ready to hold her.
Likewise, cases have been made for Machiavelli’s political morality, his conception of the state, his religious views, and many other features of his work as the distinctive basis for the originality of his contribution.
Yet few firm conclusions have emerged within scholarship.
The term "Machiavellian" was used by some of Machiavelli's contemporaries in the introductions of political tracts of the sixteenth century that promoted "just" reasons of state, most notably those of Jean Bodin and Giovanni Botero.
Unter Geschichtsbild wird einerseits ein genereller Blickwinkel auf geschichtliches Geschehen in der Art eines Paradigmas verstanden (siehe Abschnitt Geschichtsbilder), anderseits aber auch die (zeitbedingte und daher auch Änderungen unterliegende) Interpretation bestimmter Ereignisse und Personen, vor allem mit dem Zweck politischer Instrumentalisierung im Sinne von Geschichtspolitik (siehe Abschnitt Wirkungen des Geschichtsbildes).
Daneben gibt es aber auch den Wortsinn Bild aus der Geschichte über die Geschichte.
The State and the Prince: Language and Concepts
Machiavelli has also been credited (most recently by Skinner 1978) with formulating for the first time the “modern concept of the state”, understood in the broadly Weberian sense of an impersonal form of rule possessing a monopoly of coercive authority within a fixed territorial boundaries.
The Prince speaks with equal disdain and admiration about the condition of the contemporary church and its pope (Machiavelli 1965, 29, 44–46, 65, 91–91). In particular, across the two works, Machiavelli consistently and clearly distinguishes between a minimal and a full conception of “political” or “civil” order, and thus constructs a hierarchy of ends within his general account of communal life.
Doch bereits Ägypter und Assyrer haben Kämpfe ihrer Zeit bildlich dargestellt.
Aus dem Mittelalter sind die Berner Chronik von Diebold Schilling dem Älteren und die Illustrationen zum Konstanzer Konzil von Ulrich von Richenthal zu nennen.
Auch bei zeitnahen Bildern spielt freilich die Darstellungsabsicht immer eine wichtige Rolle, etwa bei dem Gemälde der Kaiserproklamation von Versailles, wo Bismarck in den Mittelpunkt gerückt wurde, oder bei Fälschung von Fotos durch Retuschieren zur damnatio memoriae von Gegnern Stalins.
Literatur
- Schneider, Gerhard/Wilharm, Irmgard: Geschichtsbild.