Phan boi chau biography examples
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In September 1909, Phan Bội Châu, Cường Để, and the Vietnamese youths were deported back to Vietnam, and the Đông Du Movement officially disbanded.
Activities in China
After being expelled from Japan, Phan Bội Châu returned to Vietnam during the period when the Colonial government was actively pursuing members of the Duy Tan Association.
Later in 1904, he went to Quảng Nam and made friends with more scholars there, such as Nguyen Tieu La, Huynh Thuc Khang, Trần Quy Cap. During this period, Phan Chu Trinh was launching the Duy Tân Movement to "Enlighten the people, invigorate the people's spirit, and improve the people's lives."
Founding the Duy Tan Association
Seizing the opportunity, on April 8, 1904, Phan Bội Châu, Cường Để, and more than 20 other comrades met at the private residence of Tiểu La Nguyễn Thành to establish a secret anti-French organization called the Duy Tan Association.
In response to the uprising, the French executed thirteen of the participants and initiated a crackdown on Vietnamese political activists, sending hundreds of scholar-patriots, including Phan Chu Trinh, to prison on Poulo Condore (now Con Dao). Numerous anticolonial revolts occurred in Vietnam during the war, all easily suppressed by the French.
However, the attacks failed. The sentence was later changed to house arrest until his death in 1940. This training, typical of the Vietnamese scholarly elite, emphasized moral philosophy, loyalty, and historical precedents for resistance, shaping his early worldview rooted in imperial virtues and ethical leadership.[8]In 1900, during the Thành Thái emperor's 12th year, he passed the regional examination (hương thi) with first rank in Nghệ An, earning the cử nhân degree and recognition as a promising scholar.
At this time, people across the country rose up in demonstrations everywhere to put pressure on the protectorate government over the Phan Boi Chau case. The organization was important because of the opportunity it provided for the students to think and work together as Vietnamese, rather than as Cochinchinese, Annamese, or Tonkinese, as the French called them.
Seething nationalist aspirations often erupted into open defiance of the French. The French built 83 prisons but only one university. *
In 1917, Phan Boi Chau was released from prison. These initiatives built on pre-war networks but adapted to wartime dynamics, including the diversion of approximately 93,000 Indochinese troops and laborers to France by 1918, which nationalists viewed as a potential vector for subversion and propaganda.[34][35]A key maneuver unfolded in May 1916, when league affiliates supported King Duy Tân's escape from Huế to join a planned mutiny by Vietnamese auxiliaries in Annam, timed to coincide with French distractions during the Battle of Verdun.
[Source: Library of Congress *]
Another source of funds for the VNQDD was the Vietnam Hotel in Hanoi, which it opened in 1928 as both a commercial enterprise and the party headquarters. ~
Phan Boi Chau and the Rise of Vietnamese Nationalism
By the turn of the century, a whole generation of Vietnamese had grown up under French control.
In August 1925, workers belonging to an underground union struck at the Ba Son naval arsenal in Saigon-Cholon, ostensibly for higher pay but in actuality to block two French naval ships from being sent to Shanghai to pressure striking Chinese workers. Chosen to fill this role was Cuong De, a direct descendant of Gia Long.[Source: Library of Congress *]
In 1904 Phan Boi Chau and about twenty others met in Quang Nam to form the Duy Tan Hoi (Reformation Society), the first of a number of revolutionary societies he organized.
The hotel restaurant, however, provided French agents with an easy means of penetrating the party and monitoring its activities. He himself considered this the most brilliant period in his writing career because he was able to spread his great ambitions everywhere, especially the vibrant activities of the Đông Du movement. The rebels held the town of Thai Nguyen for several days, hoping for help from Chinese nationalists.