Nobel prize winners in medicine

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The prize was divided equally between:

SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle

and

OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.

ROBIN WARREN for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. They have been awarded since 1901 for outstanding contributions in science, literature, and peace, with interruptions mainly during the World Wars.

The economics prize was added later and is funded by Sweden's central bank, the Riksbank.

Winners are selected by expert committees from various institutions.

STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection

The prize was awarded jointly to:

PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.

1918-1915

The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT W. HOLLEY , HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

FRAN�OIS JACOB , ANDR� LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.

All prizes are awarded in Stockholm, except for the Peace Prize, which is presented in Oslo — a possible legacy of the political union between Sweden and Norway during Nobel’s lifetime.

Past recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine include renowned scientists such as Alexander Fleming, who shared the 1945 award for discovering penicillin.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.

HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SUNE K. BERGSTR�M , BENGT I. SAMUELSSON and SIR JOHN R. VANE for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.

NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.

HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.

WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALBERT CLAUDE , CHRISTIAN DE DUVE and GEORGE E.

PALADE for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.

SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.

The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

and the other half awarded to:

SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

KARL VON FRISCH , KONRAD LORENZ and NIKOLAAS TINBERGEN for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS and HAMILTON O.

SMITH for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.

The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to:

GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events

and the other half to:

JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.