Heathcliff ledger biography of albert einstein
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Electrons emitted in this manner can be called photoelectrons.
The work function of an element is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the solid element.
While lengths of space and durations of time vary for different observers, they vary in a way such that a quantity known as the interval, which measures both space and time, remains invariant. Einstein’s intellect, along with his wise and passionate dedication to the causes of social justice and pacifism, left humanity with a fuller understanding of its place in the universe and with pioneering moral guidance for future generations.
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He considered what different observers moving at different velocities would measure when examining the same beam of light.According to Einstein’s equivalence principle–which held that gravity’s pull in one direction is equivalent to an acceleration of speed in the opposite direction–if light is bent by acceleration, it must also be bent by gravity. Furthermore, whether or not two events appear simultaneous depend on the relative velocity of the observer.
It shouldn't have mattered what frequency the light had so long as there was enough of it.
Einstein came up with the idea of photons, or individual packets of light with discrete quantities of energy, to explain these effects. The electrons are kicked off of the atoms to which they are bound by individual photons. Einstein was also known as a philosopher and humanist who was keenly interested in and concerned about the affairs of the world.
His sagacious, wise, and humorous quotations, letters, and articles are widely used throughout popular culture as well as in historical and academic works.
In the first paper, he applied the quantum theory (developed by German physicist Max Planck) to light in order to explain the phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect, by which a material will emit electrically charged particles when hit by light. How much energy would you release if you let them collide? (That is, give \(k,\) when your answer is of the form \(a \times 10^k\) joules.)
For comparison, the atomic bomb detonated over Nagasaki released \(8.8 \times 10^{13}\text{ J}\).
The correct answer is: 14
Albert Einstein
Einstein’s Miracle Year (1905)
While working at the patent office, Einstein did some of the most creative work of his life, producing no fewer than four groundbreaking articles in 1905 alone.
However, rigorous experimentation had shown that light moved at the same speed for all observers. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his “services to theoretical physics”, and in particular his discovery of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879.
In 1919, two expeditions sent to perform experiments during a solar eclipse found that light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent by the gravity of the sun in just the way Einstein had predicted.
The general theory of relativity was the first major theory of gravity since Newton’s, more than 250 years before, and the results made a tremendous splash worldwide, with the London Times proclaiming a “Revolution in Science” and a “New Theory of the Universe.” Einstein began touring the world, speaking in front of crowds of thousands in the United States, Britain, France and Japan.
Einstein’s name and image are instantly recognizable everywhere in the world.
Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist and the most famous scientist in human history. Since the velocity of the light is fixed for both, he concluded that the distances and time intervals each observer measured must be different. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics, alongside quantum mechanics.
Einstein soon began building on his theories to form a new science of cosmology, which held that the universe was dynamic instead of static, and was capable of expanding and contracting.
Einstein Moves to the United States (1933-39)
A longtime pacifist and a Jew, Einstein became the target of hostility in Weimar Germany, where many citizens were suffering plummeting economic fortunes in the aftermath of defeat in the Great War.
In December 1932, a month before Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Einstein made the decision to emigrate to the United States, where he took a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He would never again enter the country of his birth.
The embodiment of genius and the pre-eminent scientist of the modern age, his theories and discoveries have profoundly affected the way people view and understand the world and their place in it.
In 1915, Einstein published the general theory of relativity, which he considered his masterwork. The young Einstein also took music lessons, playing both violin and piano; stoking a passion for music that he maintained throughout his life. Minkowski once said that special relativity "...came as such a tremendous surprise, for in his student days Einstein had been a lazy dog.
The work was so impressive that historians call 1905 Einstein's annus mirabilis, or "miracle year."
Brownian motion: a speck of pollen (yellow dot) getting moved by molecules of water (black dots)
Brownian Motion
The first was a theoretical explanation of Brownian motion. However, light below a certain frequency cannot cause current to flow, no matter how much of it you shine on the metal.