Ludwik fleck biography of mahatma

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(The books contains a good selection from the works of the main representatives of the School.)

––– (ed.), 2004, “Ludwik Fleck: Epistemology and Biomedical Sciences”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Volume 35C, Number 3.

–––, 2008, “Ways of Seeing: Ludwik Fleck and Polish Debates on the Perception of Reality, 1890–1947”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 39: 375–83.

–––, 2016, “Fleck the Public Health Expert: Medical Facts, Thought Collectives, and the Scientist’s Responsibility”, Science, Technology, and Human Values, 41(3): 509–533.

Any attempt to legitimize a particular view is inextricably bound to standards developed within a given style, and those who accept those standards accept also the style. She does not recognize certain forms, she experiences chaos in which it is very hard to grasp anything constant. A certain mental readiness must be created among the adepts of science.

How a Thought Collective Transforms What Is Socially Constructed Into “Reality”?

As explained above, what and how we see and what and how we think depends on a collectively created thought style assimilated through contacts with others. At first he was forced to do physical labor, but later he was transferred to the camp’s hospital with the assignment to conduct bacteriological tests on prisoners.

Between 1908 and 1919 Władysław Szumowski taught the history of medicine in Lvov. For example, long before Copernicus there was a proto-idea of a heliocentric system, before Lavoisier—a proto-idea of chemical elements, before Dalton—a proto-idea of atom, and before Leeuwenhoek—a proto-idea of microbe (1935a, II.2).

(Similarly, after some time of being in contact with the Latin alphabet we directly recognize the letter A despite the enormous variety of shapes it exists in, and at the same time we are not able to say what this recognizing consists in, cf. (“How Did the Bordet–Wassermann Test Emerge? This approach anticipated later developments in social constructionism, and especially the development of critical science and technology studies.

This introduction into a domain still has a dogmatic character. Its core is constituted by the claim that in the historical development of science there are no invariants.

(a) The language used to describe what to members of a collective appears as reality changes. Izydory Dąbskiej w Przeglądzie Filozoficznym, Przegląd Filozoficzny, 41: 192–195.

1939a, Nauka a środowisko, Przegląd Współczesny, no.

In 1948 he testified in the Nuremberg Trials of German doctors, who conducted criminal experiments on prisoners of concentration camps.

He published two more epistemological papers in Polish: “Problems of the Science of Science” (1946) and “To Look, To See, To Know” (1947). In science no transfers from the uneducated general public to the body of general specialists occur.

In August 1941, Germans resettled Fleck to the Lvov ghetto, where he developed and produced an anti-typhus vaccine from the urine of sick people. Can they convince us that our thought style is erroneous? After a series of such encounters, practically nothing is left of the original content. He does not develop this issue.