Yavor baharov biography of martin luther king
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By August 1960, the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at lunch counters in 27 southern cities. But the Selma march quickly turned violent as police with nightsticks and tear gas met the demonstrators as they tried to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. He completed his doctorate and earned his degree in 1955 at age 25.
Decades after King’s death, in the late 1980s, researchers at Stanford University’s King Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral dissertation and those of another student’s work.
Several lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling in a November 13, 1956, decision that also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.
Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King, seen here in 1968, were parents to Martin Luther King Jr.
A middle child, Martin Jr.
had an older sister, Willie, and a younger brother, Alfred. They argued it was unconstitutional based on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v.
As explained in his autobiography, King previously felt that the peaceful teachings of Jesus applied mainly to individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations.
The attack was televised, broadcasting the horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a wide audience. The 381-day protest integrated the Alabama city’s public transit in one of the largest and most successful mass movements against racial segregation in history.
The effort began on December 1, 1955, when 42-year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus to go home after work.
Saved by quick medical attention, King expressed sympathy for his assailant’s condition in the aftermath. The news of his imprisonment entered the 1960 presidential campaign when candidate John F. Kennedy made a phone call to Martin’s wife, Coretta Scott King. But I want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will get to the promised land.”
More Powerful MLK Jr.
Quotes
Wife and Kids
Martin Luther King Jr. and his wife, Coretta Scott King, sit with three of their children—Yolanda, Dexter, and Martin III—in 1962.
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Because a federal judge had issued a temporary restraining order on another march, a different approach was taken.
On March 9, 1965, a procession of 2,500 marchers, both Black and white, set out once again to cross the Pettus Bridge and confronted barricades and state troopers. Offering a brief history lesson on the roots of segregation, King emphasized that there would be no stopping the effort to secure full voting rights, while suggesting a more expansive agenda to come with a call to march on poverty.
Notable Quote: “I come to say to you this afternoon, however difficult the moment, however frustrating the hour, it will not be long, because ‘truth crushed to earth will rise again.’ How long?It remains one of the largest peaceful demonstrations in American history.
Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. King was elected to lead the boycott because he was young, well-trained, and had solid family connections and professional standing. She sat in the first row of the “colored” section in the middle of the bus.
He also earned a fellowship for graduate study. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in 1955, followed by sons Martin Luther King III in 1957 and Dexter in 1961. Ray recanted his confession shortly after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s innocence after meeting with the convicted gunman in 1997.
The History of Public Transit Integration
On the night Parks was arrested, E.D. Nixon, head of the local NAACP chapter, met with King and other local civil rights leaders to plan a Montgomery Bus Boycott.
